To explore the recurrence pattern and risk factors associated with the relapse of thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (TESCC) among patients who received esophagectomy following neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT).A total of 191 TESCC patients who received esophagectomy following NICT were retrospectively reviewed from 2019 to 2022. The first recurrence patterns were assessed. The postoperative recurrence-free survival (RFS) was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate recurrence risk factor analysis was performed using the logistic regression model.As of the December 31, 2023 follow-up, 66 patients experienced recurrence, with a median time to recurrence of 10.8 months (1.2-37.3 months). The recurrence pattern included locoregional recurrence (LR), distant recurrence (DR), and LR + DR, accounting for 69.7 %, 16.7 %, and 13.6 %, respectively. Locoregional lymph node (LN) predominated the pattern of postoperative recurrence (40/66), particularly in the mediastinal station 2R (17.5 %) and 4R (16.5 %). The 2-year RFS rates for groups with dissected LN stations of ≤6, 7-9, and 10-14 were 50.5 %, 72.3 %, and 63.5 %, respectively (P = 0.04). Similarly, the 2-year RFS rates for groups with dissected LNs of <15, 15-29, and ≥30 were 49.7 %, 61.6 %, and 71.6 %, respectively (P = 0.28). Furthermore, tumor length >5 cm, the T-stage evaluation as clinically stable disease, dissected LN stations ≤6, and the ypN2-3 stage were unfavorable factors for postoperative failure in patients.The major pattern of LR may be LN recurrence after NICT in TESCC patients, particularly in the station 2R and 4R. In addition, less than 6 LN dissection stations or less than 15 LNs are not recommended.Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd, BASO ~ The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.