机构：[1]Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Unit 10C in Ward Building, 11 Xizhimennan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China. [2]Department of Nephrology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China. 江苏省人民医院[3]Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Xiangya, China. [4]Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China. 四川省人民医院[5]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China. 浙江大学医学院附属第一医院[6]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China. 内蒙古科技大学包头医学院[7]Department of Nephrology, Peking University ShenZhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China. 北京大学深圳医院深圳市康宁医院深圳医学信息中心[8]Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of HUST, Tongji, China. [9]Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China. [10]Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Shanxi, China. [11]Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. [12]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, China. [13]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China. [14]Department of Nephrology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China. [15]Department of Nephrology, Heifei First People’s Hospital, Heifei, China. [16]Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. [17]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. [18]Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. [19]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China. [20]Department of Nephrology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China. 云南省第一人民医院[21]Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China. 临床科室肾内科河北医科大学第四医院[22]Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Ninigxia Medical School, Ninigxia, China. [23]Department of Nephrology, Jilin Province FAW General Hospital, Jilin, China. [24]Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. [25]Department of Nephrology, The People’s Hospital of Kaizhou district, Kaizhou, China. [26]Department of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China. [27]Department of Nephrology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China. [28]Department of Nephrology, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China. [29]Department of Nephrology, Xinjiang Uiger Municipal People’s Hospital, Xinjiang, China. [30]Department of Nephrology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. [31]Clinical Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.
Visualize-HD study aimed to examine prevalence of hyperkalemia (HK), associated practice patterns, and mortality in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). The study included patients aged >= 18 years and undergoing chronic HD for >= 3 months. Primary outcome was to examine the association between suspected risk factors and HK prevalence at the HD facility level. Secondary outcomes were to determine the HK prevalence, management pattern of serum potassium (sK), and risk factors associated with crude mortality. Overall, 50,983 patients undergoing HD from 231 HD centers were enrolled. HK prevalence (sK > 5.0 mmol/L) in patients undergoing HD was 40.84%. Proportion of patients sK > 5.5, > 6.0, > 6.5 mmol/L was 20.42%, 8.7%, and 3.21%, respectively. Three-year cumulative mortality of patients undergoing HD was 21.3%. Notably, 36.7% of deceased patients had HK as indicated by their final sK(+) test results. Facilities in high HK prevalence group had a higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities compared with low HK prevalence group (20.7% vs. 21.9% and 11.5% vs. 13.5%; P < 0.05). A higher prevalence of hyperphosphatemia [hazard ratio (HR) 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.07)] and more usage of potassium-binding drugs [HR 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00-1.07)] were positively associated with higher HK prevalence for facilities, whereas hypoalbuminemia prevalence and more elderly patients were reversely associated with higher HK prevalence for facilities. HK is prevalent in Chinese HD centers and is associated with risk factors. Chinese HD centers with a higher HK prevalence had higher mortality rates. Although, long-term sK control is important for improving survival in patients undergoing MHD, potassium-binding drugs are underused.
基金：
The Visualize-HD study was supported by AstraZeneca (Grant number: N/A). A grant from ZGC Nephrology & Blood Purification Innovation Alliance (Grant number: N/A) was obtained for this study.
第一作者机构：[1]Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Unit 10C in Ward Building, 11 Xizhimennan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China.
通讯作者：
推荐引用方式(GB/T 7714)：
Zhao Xinju,Xing Changying,Liu Hong,et al.Prevalence, practice pattern, and mortality of hyperkalemia in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis in the visualize HD study[J].SCIENTIFIC REPORTS.2025,15(1):doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92609-1.
APA：
Zhao, Xinju,Xing, Changying,Liu, Hong,Li, Guisen,Zhang, Ping...&Zuo, Li.(2025).Prevalence, practice pattern, and mortality of hyperkalemia in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis in the visualize HD study.SCIENTIFIC REPORTS,15,(1)
MLA：
Zhao, Xinju,et al."Prevalence, practice pattern, and mortality of hyperkalemia in Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis in the visualize HD study".SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 15..1(2025)
