Purpose: This study investigates the failure pattern after chemoradiotherapy of patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 92 patients with T1-2, N0-1, and M0 ESCC. These patients were inoperable because of poor performance, comorbidities, poor tumor region, or refusal of operation. Results: Among the 92 patients, 29 cases displayed simple locoregional recurrence, 12 cases displayed simple distant metastasis, and 6 cases displayed distant metastasis with locoregional recurrence. Univariate analysis shows that the incidence of recurrence in the middle thoracic region was significantly higher than other regions (chi(2) = 14.415, P = 0.001). For the 18 patients with distant metastasis, incidence of distant metastasis in the lower thoracic region was significantly higher than the other regions (chi(2) = 39.359, P < 0.001). Among 35 cases with regional recurrence, 7 cases reached complete remission (14.6%) and 28 cases reached partial remission (PR; 63.6%) (chi(2) = 23.435, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis shows that the patient age, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, and short-term efficacy were independent factors for locoregional recurrence. Patient age, TNM stage, X-ray length of the lesions, and short-term efficacy were the independent factors for distant metastases. Conclusion: The incidence of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis in patients with upper thoracic esophageal cancer was lower than those who had middle thoracic and lower thoracic esophageal cancer. The incidence of locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis in patients who achieved complete response after treatment was low.