Objective This study aims to investigate the expression patterns, molecular mechanisms, and clinical significance of DICER1 in breast cancer (BRCA), providing new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prognosis assessment and personalized treatment of breast cancer.Methods By integrating RNA-seq data, clinical data, and tumor mutation burden (TMB) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, as well as single-cell transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we analyzed the expression characteristics of DICER1 in breast cancer. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify gene modules associated with the breast cancer phenotype, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore their biological functions. Cellular experiments were conducted to verify the effects of DICER1 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. A nomogram model was constructed based on clinical data to evaluate its prognostic value. Additionally, the effects of DICER1 expression levels on drug sensitivity and the tumor immune microenvironment were analyzed.Results The expression of DICER1 in breast cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues, and was significantly correlated with tumor stage, T stage, and TMB levels. The expression level of DICER1 was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. The nomogram model based on DICER1 expression and clinical features demonstrated good discriminative ability in predicting patient survival probability. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that the high-expression group of DICER1 exhibited higher sensitivity to multiple drugs. Immune microenvironment analysis indicated that the low-expression group of DICER1 had higher immune-suppressive features and immune exclusion scores, suggesting potential resistance to immunotherapy. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed heterogeneous expression of DICER1 in breast cancer cell populations and its potential role in cell-cell communication.Conclusion DICER1 plays an important regulatory role in breast cancer, with its expression level closely related to tumor progression, the immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity. DICER1 has the potential to become an important biomarker for prognosis assessment in breast cancer and may provide new targets for future immunotherapy and targeted therapy.