Objective The prevalence of overweight/obesity in China has increased dramatically in recent years; being overweight/obese can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the population in China at high risk of being overweight or obese, to explore the relationships between various relevant factors and overweight/obesity, and to identify preventive efforts for high-risk populations. Methods We administered a questionnaire survey among a group of 536 social workers in Shijiazhuang City in 2017. We used the Pearson chi-square test, Spearman's rho test, multivariate linear regression, univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to investigate factors that influence overweight/obesity. Results The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 13.7% among the study participants. Urban residence, eating speed, number of daily meals, overeating, and a high-fat diet were associated with overweight/obesity. In multivariate linear regression analysis, overweight/obesity was correlated with sex, urban residence, eating speed, number of daily meals, and a high-fat diet. Conclusion Among all influencing factors, dietary factors, place of residence, and sex were most closely related to being overweight/obese. Furthermore, living in an urban area and male sex were independent risk factors for being overweight/obese.