Doxorubicin(DOX) is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, the nephrotoxicity has limited the clinical application of DOX. Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a key adipokine mainly expressed in adipocytes, is strongly associated with kidney dysfunction and kidney disease. This study aims to investigate the role of FABP4 in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. In vivo experiments, the mice were divided into 4 groups randomly: CON group, DOX group, 4T1 group, and 4T1 + DOX group respectively. DOX was given by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 15 mg/kg. The kidney function indicators, the morphology and lipid deposition in renal tissues and the preliminary mechanism were assessed. In vitro experiment, HK-2 cell was used to detect DOX-induced kidney cell injury with or without BMS309403. DOX caused renal dysfunction in both DOX group and 4T1 + DOX group, with a more severe kidney injury in DOX group. DOX also induced kidney lipid deposition, glycerophospholipids metabolism dysfunction, apoptosis accompanied by increased FABP4 and decreased Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor- gamma (PPAR-gamma) levels in the kidney tissues. The decreased cell viability, increased apoptotic ratio, elevated protein levels of apoptosis and the lipid deposition caused by DOX were all alleviated by BMS309403. FABP4 mediated DOX induced kidney damage in normal mice and tumor-bearing mice by lipid metabolism disorders and cell apoptosis. This study may enhance the clinical management of DOX-induced kidney injury and provide new therapeutic targets and preventive strategies for the clinical application of DOX.