Intrinsic and acquired resistance of cancer to radio-and chemotherapy is one of the major challenges in the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the resistance to cisplatin in ESCCs. Super dismutase [Mn], mitochondrial (SOD-2), an important primary antioxidant enzyme located in mitochondria, could regulate ROS production. Our previous study showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated SOD-2 through NF-kappa B was involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration in A549 cells. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify if TNF-alpha mediated SOD-2 upregulation is involved in cisplatin resistance in ESCC. It was identified that a higher expression of SOD-2 in human ESCC samples was associated with TNF-alpha expression and poor overall survival in patients with ESCC, suggesting that SOD-2 may act as an oncogene in ESCC. To further confirm if TNF-alpha could upregulate SOD-2 to contribute to cell proliferation, the human ESCC cell line Eca-109 was treated with TNF-alpha in vitro. TNF-alpha could upregulate SOD-2 and induce cell proliferation in Eca109 cells, while blocking SOD-2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited TNF-alpha-induced cell proliferation. Upregulation of SOD-2 by TNF-alpha was inhibited by blocking the NF-kappa B pathway, which suggested that SOD-2 by TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B contributes to cell proliferation in Eca109 cells. Furthermore, it was observed that TNF-alpha could induce cisplatin resistance in Eca109 cells, while transfection with SOD-2 siRNA could significantly increase the chemosensitivity of ESCC to cisplatin. Therefore, the present results suggested that SOD-2 may serve as an oncogene, and the upregulation of SOD-2 by TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B may contribute to cisplatin resistance in ESCC.